![]() Furthermore, Tk-AMP-X-related sequences were shown to be widespread in the Poaceae family among economically important crops, such as barley, rice and maize. Association of the Tk-AMP-X genes with A, B/G or D genomes of hexaploid wheat was demonstrated. Homologous genes differing in the number of peptide modules were discovered in phylogenetically-related Triticum and Aegilops species, including polyploid wheat genome donors. A combined PCR-based and bioinformatics approach was used to search for related genes in the plant kingdom. Genes encoding Tk-AMP-X precursors have no introns in the protein-coding regions and are upregulated by fungal pathogens and abiotic stress, providing conclusive evidence for their role in stress response. Among the predicted family members, several peptides previously isolated from T. kiharae seeds were identified. Three types of precursor proteins, with five, six or seven 4-Cys peptide modules, were found in wheat. They code for precursor proteins of unusual multimodular structure, consisting of a signal peptide, several α-hairpinin (4-Cys) peptide domains with a characteristic cysteine pattern separated by linkers and a C-terminal prodomain. cDNA and gene cloning disclosed unique structure of genes encoding Tk-AMP-X peptides. The peptides inhibit the spore germination of several fungal pathogens in vitro. Two members of the family, designated Tk-AMP-X1 and Tk-AMP-X2, were completely sequenced and shown to belong to the α-hairpinin structural family of plant peptides with a characteristic C1XXXC2-X(n)-C3XXXC4 motif. ![]() A novel family of antifungal peptides was discovered in the wheat Triticum kiharae Dorof.
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